What is the collection of programs that control basic operations of computer hardware?

The correct answer, systems software, refers to a collection of programs that manage and control the hardware components of a computer system. This type of software is essential for the functioning of the computer itself, as it enables the hardware to communicate and work efficiently. Systems software includes the operating system, device drivers, and utility programs, all of which serve to facilitate the operation of application software and ensure the hardware performs its tasks correctly.

Application software, on the other hand, is designed to help users perform specific tasks such as word processing or spreadsheet analysis. It relies on systems software to interact with the hardware but does not control it directly. Transitory software is not a standard term used in computing and does not accurately represent any recognized category of software. Peripheral software might imply software specifically for peripheral devices, but it doesn't encompass the broader range of functions performed by systems software. Thus, systems software is correctly identified as the controlling entity for the fundamental operations of computer hardware.